Every source this site opened
Nine sources, every one opened. No PubMed identifier appears anywhere on this site, because none was verified.
Nine sources, every one opened
In short
Every source below was opened and read while this site was written. Nothing is cited from memory and no PubMed identifier appears anywhere on this site, because none was verified.
Two are FDA documents about what a supplement label must carry and what FDA does and does not do. Six are clinical monographs, one for each named ingredient. One is the FTC guidance that governs health advertising claims.
The sources
- Dietary Supplement Labeling Guide, Chapter IV: Nutrition LabelingU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationA Supplement Facts panel is required, with serving size, servings per container, and each dietary ingredient with its amount per serving; blend ingredients must be listed in descending order of predominance by weight. 21 CFR 101.36.
- FDA 101: Dietary SupplementsU.S. Food and Drug Administration“The FDA does NOT have the authority to approve dietary supplements for safety and effectiveness, or to approve their labeling, before the supplements are sold to the public.”
- Horse Chestnut — clinical monographDrugs.com natural products databaseStandardised seed extract “250 to 312.5 mg (equivalent to aescin 100 mg) twice a day” for chronic venous insufficiency; aescin 20 or 40 mg three times daily. All parts of the plant are potentially toxic, esculin being “the most important toxic principle”; FDA classified it “an unsafe herb”; warfarin interaction through coumarin derivatives.
- Gotu Kola — clinical monographDrugs.com natural products database“The recommended daily dose of titrated extracts of C. asiatica standardized for asiaticoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid is 60 to 120 mg”; venous-hypertension trials used 60 mg two or three times daily.
- Frankincense, Indian (Boswellia serrata) — clinical monographDrugs.com natural products database“300 to 400 mg of a B. serrata extract (containing 60% boswellic acids) 3 times daily” for inflammatory conditions; 350 to 400 mg three times daily in ulcerative colitis.
- Quercetin — clinical monographDrugs.com natural products database“Most clinical studies use quercetin 500 to 1,000 mg per day in divided doses”; absorption rises in the presence of fat, apple pectin, oligosaccharides and lecithin.
- Ginger — clinical monographDrugs.com natural products database“Ginger has been used in clinical trials in dosages of 170 mg to 1 g 3 to 4 times daily”; nausea trials 250 mg to 2 g a day. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet interactions are listed, with the note that “bleeding may occur.”
- Turmeric — clinical monographDrugs.com natural products databaseStandardised curcuminoid doses of “200 mg/day to 6 g/day”; curcumin “has limited medicinal use because of its low systemic bioavailability following oral dosing.”
- Health Products Compliance GuidanceU.S. Federal Trade Commission“Testimonials that report results more dramatic than users can generally expect are likely to be deceptive”; randomised controlled human trials are “the most reliable form of evidence” for health-benefit claims.
What each one was used for
| Source | Used for |
|---|---|
| FDA Labeling Guide, Ch. IV | What a Supplement Facts panel must carry — the standard this label is measured against |
| FDA 101: Dietary Supplements | The approval wording quoted on the FAQ and the seals audit |
| Horse Chestnut monograph | The 500 mg figure, the toxicity and warfarin notes, the standardisation point |
| Gotu Kola monograph | The 60 mg figure and the venous hypertension use |
| Boswellia monograph | The 900 mg figure and the anti-inflammatory use |
| Quercetin monograph | The 500 mg figure and the phytosome absorption note |
| Ginger monograph | The 250 mg figure and the anticoagulant interaction |
| Turmeric monograph | The 200 mg curcumin figure |
| FTC Health Products Compliance Guidance | The standard applied on the reviews page |
The rules this site writes under
- No fact is invented. Where something was not supplied, the page says it was not supplied.
- No study is cited that was not opened. No PubMed identifier is printed at all.
- The label governs where the label and the written pack disagree, and the disagreement is recorded rather than quietly resolved.
- Supplied review copy is published as supplied review copy, never as customer reviews, and never in the structured data.
- No price, shipping cost or delivery estimate is printed unless it was supplied. None was.